Moderna COVID-19 vaccine appears effective based on data so far, U.S. regulator says

An FDA decision on whether to issue a so-called emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine will be made after a panel of outside advisers meets Thursday. The FDA typically follows the advice of the panel, but is not required to do so.

Moderna’s is the second vaccine the FDA has considered, behind one from Pfizer Inc. and Germany’s BioNTech, which was authorized last week. Hospitals in the U.S. began giving the Pfizer shots on Monday.

FDA staff said in documents prepared for that meeting that a two-dose regimen of Moderna’s vaccine was highly effective in preventing confirmed cases of COVID-19 and did not raise any specific safety issues in adults over the age of 18.

The Moderna vaccine was more than 94 per cent effective overall at preventing COVID-19 illness, and 86 per cent effective in people 65 and older.

Recipients tend to experience temporary flu-like side effects that can include fever, fatigue and aches, especially after the second dose, as the vaccine revs up their immune system.

Moderna released data in documents supporting previous statements that the vaccine may prevent some asymptomatic infections of COVID-19.

It said 38 participants in the placebo arm of its trial tested positive for COVID-19 without exhibiting symptoms at the time of their second dose – nearly triple the number in the vaccine arm of the trial.

Both Moderna and Pfizer designed their late-stage trials to show that their vaccines were capable of preventing more significant forms of COVID-19, in the hope that the shots could prevent hospitalizations and deaths.

But preventing asymptomatic infection is also important and could reduce the chances of vaccinated people infecting the unvaccinated, further stemming the spread of the disease.

Bell’s palsy cases

The FDA said that there appeared to be some protection for trial participants after the first dose of Moderna’s vaccine, which is given in two shots, with 28 days between inoculations, but there was not enough information on longer-term protection.

It said that vaccine efficacy was 80.2 per cent in participants who only received one dose at the time of the interim analysis, which was based on data collected as of Nov. 7.

But the FDA said it could not draw a conclusion because the numbers of participants and time of observation were limited and there was no single-dose arm in the 30,000-person trial.

Moderna said trial participants, half of whom received a placebo, may request to find out if they had a placebo or the vaccine so that they can get either the vaccine or another vaccine potentially available outside of the trial.

The FDA staff said that serious side effects in the trial of the vaccine represented medical events that occur in the general population at a similar frequency as observed in the study.

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The FDA did flag the possibility that the vaccine was contributing to Bell’s palsy, a type of facial paralysis also reported by participants in the Pfizer trial.

Moderna reported four cases of Bell’s palsy, including three among people who had the vaccine and one in the placebo group. The company said that three of the cases had resolved themselves.

Although the FDA said that the trial participants with Bell’s palsy had predisposing factors, the “potential contribution of the vaccine to the manifestations of these events of facial palsy cannot be ruled out.”

Pfizer reported six cases of Bell’s palsy, including four in the vaccine arm, which it said was a rate typical of the general population.

Thirteen people who participated in the Moderna trial died — six who received the vaccine and seven who received the placebo.

The death rate during the trial was in line with death rates in the general population for patients of this age, the documents said. There was only one COVID-19-related death, a patient who received the placebo.

Both Moderna’s and Pfizer-BioNTech’s shots are so-called mRNA vaccines. They aren’t made with the coronavirus itself, meaning there’s no chance anyone could catch it from the shots. Instead, the vaccine contains a piece of genetic code that trains the immune system to recognize the spiked protein on the surface of the virus.

Moderna’s vaccine does not have the same extreme cold-storage requirements as Pfizer’s.